全网首发试题版 2025考研英语一英语二答案。2025考研英语结束了，今年的作文、阅读都被吐槽很难，大家考得怎么样?

这里是12月考研英语一答案，我会实时动态更新，希望大家都能顺利通过!

英语一：

Located in the southern Peloponnesian peninsula, Pavlo Petri (the modern name of the site) emerged as a Neolithic settlement around 3500 B.C. and became an important trading center for Mycenaean Greece (1650-1180 B.C.). This area of the Aegean Sea is  1  to earthquakes and tsunamis, which caused the city to  2  sink. The slow sea level rise in Mediterranean  3  this city around 3000 years ago.

For millennia, the city's  4  lay unseen below some 13 feet of water. They were covered by a thick layer of sand  5 the island of Laconia. In recent decades, shifting  6  and climate change have eroded a natural barrier that  7  Pavlopetri. In 1967 a scientific survey of the Peloponnesian coast was  8  data to analyze changes in sea levels  9  British oceanographer Nicholas Flemming first spotted the sunken  10 . A year later, he returned with a few students to  11  the location and map the site.  12  the exciting initial finds, the site would lie  13  for decades before archaeologists would return.

In 2009 archaeologists Chrysanthi Gallou and Jon Henderson  14  the excavation of Pavlopetri in cooperation with the Greek Ministry of Culture. Since the 1960s, underwater archaeology  15  and tools had made huge advances. The team  16  robotics, sonar mapping, and state-of-the-art graphics to survey the site. From 2009 to 2013 they were able to bring the underwater town to  17  Covering about two and a half acres, Pavlopetri’s three main roads  18  some 50 rectangular buildings, all of which had open courtyards. Excavations revealed a large number of Minoan-style loom weights,  19  Pavlopetri was a thriving trade center with a  20  textile industry.

1.A.relevant B.prone C.availableD.alien

2.A.accidentally B.frequently C.graduallyD.temporarily

3.A.disguised B.submerged C.relocated D.isolated

4.A.legends B.programs C.remains D.surroundings

5.A.across B.off C.under D.via

6.A.currents B.ricersC.seasons D.winds

7.A.elevated B.separated C.comprisedD.protected

8.A.gathering B.restoringC.updatingD.supplying

9.A.whenB.until C.after D.once

10.A.belongingsB.resources C.products D.structures

11.A.preserveB.selectC.displayD.examine

12.A.DespiteB.Unlike C.BesidesD.Among

13.A.unchallengedB.unknownC.unorganizedD.undisturbed

14.A.suspended B.transferredC.resumed D.canceled

15.A.policies B.theoriesC.documentsD.techniques

16.A.ordered B.provided C.employedD.adjusted

17.A.effect B.lightC.reality D.mind

18.A.crossed B.connectedC.blocked D.altered

19.A.expecting B.suggesting C.predicting D.recalling

20.A.robust B.diverse C.marginalD.dependent

完形填空来源：国家地理

Pavlopetri: the oldest sunken city

Located in the southern Peloponnesian peninsula, Pavlopetri (the modern name of the site) emerged as a Neolithic settlement around 3500 B.C. and became an important trading center for Mycenaean Greece (1650-1180 B.C.). This area of the Aegean Sea is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis, which caused the city to gradually sink. The buildings closest to the coast were battered by sea storms and tsunamis, and the slow sea level rise in the Mediterranean submerged the city more than 3,000 years ago. For millennia, the city's remains lay unseen below some 13 feet of water. They were covered by a thick layer of sand off the island of Laconia. In recent decades, shifting currents and climate change have eroded a natural barrier that protected Pavlopetri. In 1967 a scientific survey of the Peloponnesian coast was gathering data to analyze changes in sea levels when British oceanographer Nicholas Flemming first spotted the submerged structures. A year later, he returned with a few students to examine the location and map the site. The team identified some 15 buildings, courtyards, a network of streets, and two chamber tombs. Despite the exciting initial finds, the site would lie undisturbed for decades before archaeologists would return.

In 2009 archaeologists Chrysanthi Gallou and Jon Henderson resumed the excavation of Pavlopetri in cooperation with the Greek Ministry of Culture. Since the 1960s, underwater archaeology techniques and tools had made huge advances. The team employed robotics, sonar mapping, and state-of-the-art graphics to survey the site. From 2009 to 2013 they were able to bring the underwater town to light. Covering about two and a half acres, Pavlopetri’s three main roads connected some 50 rectangular buildings, all of which had open courtyards. Excavations revealed a large number of Minoan-style loom weights, suggesting Pavlopetri was a thriving trade center with a robust textile industry.

阅读A节：

TEXT1

The grammar school boy from Stratford-Upon-Avon has landed a scholarly. Punch after groundbreaking research showed that Shakespeare does benefit children's literacy and emotional development, but only if you can act him out.

A study found that a “rehearsal room” approach to teaching Shakespeare broadened children's vocabulary and the capacity of their writing as well as their emotional literacy. “The research shows that the way actors work.Makes a big difference to the way children use language and also how they think about themselves,” Jacqui O Hanlon of Royal Shakespeare Company(RSC) , which commission the study, said.

The randomised control trial involved hundreds of year 5 pupils--aged nine and ten--at 45. State primary schools that had not been previously exposed to RS Pedagogy. They were split into target and control groups and asked to write for example a message in bottle as ferdinanel after the shipwreck in the rempest. The target group was given a 30-minute drama-based activity to accompany the passage.

The peer-reviewed results showed that the target group of pupils drew on a wider vocabulary, used words, classed as more sophisticated or rarer, and wrote at greater length.They also appear to be more comfortable writing in role. While [control] pupils imagine how they themselves would react to being shipwrecked, [target] children put themselves in the shoes of literary character and express that character’s emotion.

The Time to Act Study also found that while controlled pupils relied on desert is land cliches, such as palm trees, target pupils were more expansive [giving] a broader picture of the sky, the sea and the atmospheric conditions.

O’Helen said she had been most surprised by the emotional literacy that was evident in the children's writing, and that they were more resilient in their writing more hopeful, she added: the emotional understanding was very evident and it is probably related to the rehearsal room process, where you are used to trying to imagine your way through. They were comfortable in describing different emotional states and part of what you do in drama is put yourself in different shoes. The study showed the importance of embedding our in education , she said.

But could the results be re replicated with any old dramatists? O’Hanlon said more research would be needed but suggested that Shakespeare's use of 20,000 words, compared with the everyday 2,000 words gave a massive expansion of language into a children’s lives, which was combined with children using their whole bodies to bring words to life.

21.The rehearsal room approach requires pupils to___.

A.rewrite the lines from Shakespeare

B.watch, RSC actors performances

C.play the roles in Shakespeare

D.study drama under RSC artists

22.The study divided the pupils into two groups to find whether____.

A.the change in instruction enhance learning outcomes 

B.expanding vocabulary helps develop reading fluency

C.see emotion affects understanding of sophisticated workers

D.the classroom activity stimulates interest in the arts

23.Control pupil's reliance on desert island cliches shows their____. 

A.weakness in description 

B.omission of small details

C.casual style of writing

D.the preference for big words

24.What can promote children's emotional literacy according to O’Helen?

A.Writing in an imaginative manner 

B.Identifying with literacy characters 

C.Drawing inspiration from nature 

D.Centralizing on real life situations

25.It can inferred from the last paragraph that____. 

A. the new teaching method may work best with Shakespeare

B. the language of Shakespeare may be formidable for pupils

C. other older dramatists may be included in primary education

D. the pupils may be reluctant to work on other old dramatists

Text 2

文章来源：金融时报：Carbon emissions from research are the price we must pay to understand the world

I was shocked to learn recently that some scientists want to scale back their research in an effort to decrease carbon emissions. I discovered this when I was sitting on a panel discussing sustainable space activities and my colleagues’ concerns about their contribution to global warming was palpable. The crisis is here, they said, and we need to cut back on our energy intensive modelling. At the very least, we need to make our energy use far more sustainable.

It is unarguable that our laboratories, scientific instruments, rockets and satellites — the tools we scientists need to measure the planet’s pulse — demand significant amounts of energy both in their construction and operation. And it is equally true that science’s unrelenting appetite for information has caused a mushrooming of energy-intensive data centres around the world. According to the International Energy Agency, these buildings now consume about 1 per cent of the world’s electricity.

However, this is a price we must pay for understanding the world. How can we inform decision makers about the best ways to bring down carbon emissions if we can’t track the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, where it’s coming from and who’s producing it? The carbon emissions from technological research are well spent: ultimately this research will safeguard the future of our planet. 

It can be hard for scientists to make the case because our work is complex, often takes place behind closed doors and does not always lend itself to easy interpretation or explanation. But demonstrating the efficacy of science will be crucial if we are to solve humanity’s greatest challenges. It is all too easy to feel paralysed in the face of daunting problems such as climate change and to do nothing. But then I think of a friend’s daughter who turned her fears into action: she became a wind energy engineer and now thrives on delivering renewable energy, limiting emissions.

Recognising the hope that science and engineering can bring was the impetus behind the creation of the Millennium Technology Prize, which is now entering its 20th year as a celebration of human ingenuity. One of the past winners, Professor Martin Green from the University of New South Wales, Australia, is the inventor of the Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell technology which is now found in most of the world’s solar panels. Thanks to his invention, we have a real chance to decrease the world’s carbon emissions.  

Every day, scientists, technologists and engineers are discovering new ways to exploit renewable energy sources and develop techniques not just to use power more intelligently but to power our intelligence. A great example of this is Europe’s largest supercomputer, LUMI in Finland, which is astonishingly carbon-negative. Established in an old paper mill, it is powered by a nearby river and its remote heat warms the people who live in the surrounding town of Kajaani.

If the world is to meet its net-zero ambitions, we must think hard about how we can deliver sustainable computing and deliver more LUMIs.

26.The author expressed great surprise at some scientists’____. 

A. unwillingness to cut carbon emissions

B. intention to reduce their research

C. suspicions about sustainable energy

D. waste of electricity in their projects

27. The author believes that carbon emissions from research____.

A. have caused Scare consequences 

B. have aroused groundless worries

C. are hard to handle at present 

D. are justifiable in the long run

28. The example of green in paragraph 5 is used to illustrate____. 

A. the achievements of great scientists

B. the urgency of addressing climate change

C. the rewards of scientific endeavors

D. the value of.Fostering human ingenuity

29. It can be learned from the last two paragraphs that LUMI____. 

A. is a model of sustainable efforts

B. is a triumph against energy shortage

C. owes much to global net zero initiatives

D. aims to explore the power of intelligence

30. Which of the following statements would they also agree with? 

A. emission free modeling demands extra funding 

B. the need for super computers is difficult to meet

C. energy intensive research work is inevitable 

D. the goals of researchers out to be realistic

Text 3

Ever since taking on Netflix Inc. at its own game, old Hollywood has struggled to turn a profit in streaming, with the likes of Disney+, Peacock and Paramount+ losing billions of dollars each year, sparking concerns on Wall Street that the services will never be as profitable as cable once was. But the age of streaming has been a boon for some unintended winners: pirates that use software to rip a film or television show in seconds from legitimate online video platforms and host the titles on their own, illegitimate services, which rake in about $2 billion annually from ads and subscriptions.  

With no video production costs, illegal streaming sites have achieved profit margins approaching 90%, according to the Motion Picture Association(MPA), a trade group representing Hollywood studios that's working to crack down on the thousands of illegal platforms that have cropped up in recent years.

Initially the rise of legitimate online businesses such as Netflix actually helped curb digital piracy, which had largely been based on file uploads. But now piracy involving illegal streaming services as well as file-sharing costs the US economy about $30 billion in lost revenue a year and some 250,000 jobs, estimates the US Chamber of Commerce's Global Innovation Policy Center. The global impact is about $71 billion annually.

The people who are stealing our movies and our television shows and operating piracy sites are not mom and pop operations,” says Charlie Rivkin, chief executive officer of the MPA. “This is organized crime.” Rivkin joined the MPA in 2017 after the organization failed five years earlier/to build consensus between Hollywood and Silicon Valleyto win passage of legislation in Congress/aimed at stopping online piracy.In 2017 the association formed the Alliance for Creativity and Entertainment (ACE), an enforcement task force of about 100 detectives circling the globe to help local authorities arrest streaming pirates. 

ACE says it's helped shrink the number of illegal streaming services/in North America to 126, from more than 1,400 in 2018, aided in part by the MPA's support for a 2020 federal law that made large-scale streaming of copyrighted material a serious crime. 

Consulting firm Parks Associates predicts that legitimate US streaming services’ cumulative loss from piracy since2022_will reach $113 billion in the next two years. While there is_some optimism that emerging countermeasures and best practices may see piracy]begin to plateau by 2027, there is no consensus among stakeholders as to when it may begin to decline," says analyst Steve Hawley.

文章来源：彭博社：Streaming Service Costs Drive New Era of Hollywood Piracy - Bloomberg

31.According to paragraph 1, legitimate streaming services _______. 

A.have drawn lessons from Hollywood 

B.have surpassed cable in revenue 

C.are unpopular with advertiser  

D.are confronted with a real threat

32.It can be learned that streamers like Netflix ___. 

A.played a part in the fith against illgeal file-sharing

B.reaped benefits from the war with digital pirates

C.promised to become big job creators in the US

D.used to collaborate with file-uploading platforms

33.It can be inferred fro paragraph 4 that MPA ___.

A.was denied cooperation by Silicon Valley

B.led a national protest against online privacy

C.was urged to reform an enforcement taks force

D.failed to win support from local authorities

34.According to Hawley, digital privacy ___.

A.cannot be checked in spite of new legislation 

B.will possibly overwhelm legitimate streamers

C.is unlikely to diminish in the near future

D.has been underestimated by some analysts

35.Which of the following is emphasized in the text?  

A.The need to coordinate anti-privacy action 

B.The criminal nature of copyright violation

C.Prospect of eliminating online privacy

D.Economic harm from illegal streaming

Text 4

文章来源：Trade Secrets: The Challenges of Digital History, by By Bethany Latham. | Booklist Online

TEXT 4

Visit any antiques stores and you may encounter artifact from the past: photographs, letters, a brochure Sinclair dinosaur 1964-1965 Fair, the ephemera of history. Yet they aren’t truly ephemeral. Why? Because they are still here, decades, and they are tangible.

Have you pondered the life cycle of intangible formats, digital information, given that those who produce these artifacts seldom make provision for their long-term preservation? For millennia, we’ve known what we’ve known due to artifacts that have survived, often despite their original creators’ neglect. The thing itself is the medium that delivers the information. At the time of creation, no attempts were made at intentional preservation, yet analog materials have a chance of surviving and serving as the historical record that biographers, historians, and novelists rely on. Libraries and archives have traditionally shouldered the responsibility of organization, preservation, and access to information. Thus, librarians digitize the tangible so that researchers the world over can quickly search and access their holdings. The result is an embarrassment of historical riches, which brings its own needle-and-haystack problems.

Librarians selfless devotion can act against us when users point to universality of access by holding up a cellphone and saying, "it's all in here" as evidence that libraries are less vital for researchers today. Yet how was that universality of access of made possible and, perhaps more importantly, how is it maintained?Who curates what is preserved? When it comes to born-digital information, the terrifying answer can be:if not librarians and archivists, then no one. Digital information requires a great deal more care than analog.

Even when a digital object is preserved, it may only be the carrier that’s saved, not the information itself. As technology advances and a for mat becomes obsolete, the object is useless. Have you ever stared helplessly at a ZIP disk, think how do I get the files off this? Without constant migration of digital assets a nightmare about what keeps historians up at night :a historical record that abrupt stops when digital assets replaces analog.

As a librarian whose day job revolves around special collections and digital assets, I share the night terrors of historians, and I’d be lying if I said a comprehensive preservation solution currently exists. Yet researchers can take some comfort in the fact that there are a multitude of librarians devoted to discovering, organizing, and preserving digital information for researchers current and future.Librarians are uniquely positioned to understand how end users seek and use information. Thus we play an integral role in identifying, preserving, and providing accessibility to digital artifacts so that, while future researchers may find the digital realm a challenging place to ply their trade, they won’t find it an impossible one.

文章来源：Trade Secrets: The Challenges of Digital History, by By Bethany Latham. | Booklist Online

36. The author mentions the art crafts from the past to_____.

A.introduce the coming of antiques

B.contrast them with everyday items

C.bring up the issue of preservation

D.comment on their historical value

37.Compared with digital objects, tangible artifacts______.

A.are less subject to their creators' neglect

B.convey information in a more direct way

C.require more intentional preservation

D.are less likely to suffer serious damage

38.According to the passage, librarians' work may result in____.

A.oversupply of materials

B.undervaluation of libraries

C.researchers' underperformance

D.users' overreliance on technology

39.The "ZIP disk" is cited as an example to show_____.

A.the difficulty of retrieving files through unusual means

B.the infeasibility of constantly migrating digital assets

C.the possibility of losing Information in obsolete formats

D.the inconvenience of storing information on analog device

40.Which of the following statements best summarizes the text？

A.hard work should be done to preserve artifacts

B.the contribution of librarians should be recognized

C.accessing databases is essential to researchers

D.keeping digital historical records is a challenge

阅读B：

A. Peters likes to photograph butterflies in a landscape, celebrating the beauty of their surroundings as well as the insects themselves. His pictures of a Glanville fritillary rising from the sea-pinks beside the chalk cliffs of Compton Bay on the Isle of Wight are particularly glorious. These take-off shots are even more challenging because they require a wide-angle lens, which means he must be less than 2cm from the butterfly. It’s incredibly difficult to get that close to a skittish, sun-warmed insect. Unlike some photographers, who “cheat” by keeping insects in a fridge to slow them down, Peters refuses to tamper with wild butterflies.

B. Peters’ signature shot is a "butterfly take-off", showing a multiple wing-beat of one butterfly in one frame when it lifts off a flower. How does he capture it? Technology helps. A typical digital SLR camera shots 20 frames a second. He uses a high-speed OM System which shots120 frames a second.

C. Britain has relatively few butterfly species compared with mainland Europe and 80% are in decline, mostly because intensive chemical farming has reduced many species to tiny fragments of habitat and small nature reserves. Global heating is benefiting some species but others are too isolated to find suitable new habitat, and gardening habits – paving over gardens and using pesticides – aren’t helping either. Butterflies may not pollinate as many plants as wild bees and hoverflies, but because British butterflies are the best-studied group of insects in the world, they are an extremely useful indicator of the wider declines in flying insects.

D. Five years ago, at summer’s end, Andrew Fusek Peters was diagnosed with bowel cancer. “I was waiting for surgery, feeling really ill, sitting in my garden. It was amazing weather and there were painted lady butterflies everywhere,” he says. “They were a symbol of fragile life, of hope and defiance, and something appealed to my soul.”

E. That makes it sound easy, and artificial, but Peter insists it is still a massive challenge. He typically takes between 10,000 and 20,000 shots to get one butterfly take-off sequence in focus. At such high shutter speeds, the depth of field is tiny, and as butterflies do not fly in a straight line they swiftly flutter out of focus. As well as thousands of attempts, it takes patience and fieldcraft to anticipate a butterfly‘s likely flight-line-and catch it -in focus.

F. So what’s the appeal of a long, sweaty day in pursuit of an elusive, fast-moving wild animal? “It just feels bloody brilliant,” says Peters. “If I’ve had a full day of good encounters with butterflies, met interesting butterfly people and I’ve got some good shots, that becomes a vault in my spiritual bank. It’s a happy feeling.”

G. A children’s author and poet who had become a keen amateur photographer, Peters watched the butterflies and idly wondered if he could capture them in flight. It swiftly became an obsession as he recovered from a successful operation to remove the cancer. In recent summers, he has travelled the length and breath of Britain to photograph all 58 native species of butterfly. Now the fruits of these summers have been published in a beautiful new book.

H. A butterfly takes off so quickly it is still impossible to react quickly enough to capture that take-off but if he half-presses the shutter, the camera saves the 70 previous frames before the moment he actually takes the picture. “It’s time travel, so I don’t miss the moment of take-off,” he says. After he’s captured the butterfly taking off, he layers 10 to 15 frames together in Photoshop.

41. _D  42. _G____ C 43. _B____ H 44. __E___ A 45. ___F__

阅读C 翻译：

参考译文：

46. Recent decades have seen science move into a convention where engagement in the subject can only be done through institutions such as a university.

近几十年来，科学逐渐发展成一种只能通过大学等机构参与的传统模式。

47. But by utilizing the natural curiosity of the general public it is possible to overcome many of these challenges by engaging non-scientists directly in the research process.

但通过激发公众的好奇心，让非专业人士直接参与研究过程，可以克服许多挑战。

48. Scientists have employed a variety of ways to engage the general public in their research, such as making data analysis into an online game or sample collection into a smartphone application.

科学家们采用了多种方式让普通公众参与他们的研究，例如将数据分析设计成在线游戏，或者将样本采集开发成智能手机应用程序。

49. These groups of people are part of a rapidly expanding biotechnological social movement of citizen scientists and professional scientists seeking to take discover out of institutions and put it into the hands of anyone with the enthusiasm.

这些人群是一个迅速扩展的生物技术社会运动的一部分，这个运动由公民科学家和专业科学家组成，旨在将科学发现从传统机构中带出来，交到任何怀有热情的人手中。

50.They pool resources, collaborate, think outside the box，and find solutions and ways around obstacles to explore science for the sake of science without the traditional boundaries of working inside a formal setting.

他们汇集资源，合作交流，跳出固有思维框架，寻找解决方案并克服障碍，以探索科学本身的意义，而不受限于在传统正式环境中工作的边界。

英语二：

完形：

英语二真题：

Asking for help takes 3 . It involves communicating a need on your part—there’s something you can’t do. 4 , you’re broadcasting your own weakness, which can be 5 . you might have 6 about losing control of whatever it is you are asking for help with. 7 someone starts to help, perhaps they will take over, or get a credit for your early efforts. Yet another 8 that you might be worried about is being a nuisance or 9 the person you go to for help.

If you struggle with low self-esteem, you might find it especially difficult to 10 for help because you have the added worry of the other person 11 your request. You might see such refusals as implying something 12 about the status of your relationship with them. To 13 these difficulties, try to remind yourself that everyone needs help sometimes. Nobody knows everything and can do everything all by themselves. And while you might 14 coming across as incompetent, there’s actually research that shows that advice-seekers are 15 as more competent, not less.

Perhaps most encouraging of all is a paper from 2022 by researchers at Stanford University, in California, that involved a mix of contrived help-seeking interactions and asking people to 16 times they’d sought help in the past. The findings showed that help-seekers generally underestimated how 17 other people will be to help and how good it will make the help-giver feel (for most people,having the chance to help someone is highly 18 ). 

So bear all this in mind the next time you need to ask for help. 19 , take care over who you ask and when you ask them. And if someone can't help right now, avoid taking it personally. They might just be too 20, or they might not feel confident about their ability to help.

1.A. illusion       B. discussion   C. tradition    D. question

2. A. reluctance   B. ambition     C. tendency   D. enthusiasm

3. A. attention  B. talent C. courage  D. patience 

4. A. At any time B.In other words  C. By all means D. On the contrary

5. A. unrealistic   B.deceptive C. tiresome D. uncomfortable

6. A. doubts B. concerns C. suggestions D. secrets

7. A. once  B. unless C. although  D. before

8. A. theory   B. choice   C.factor D. context

9. A. overpraising  B.outperforming C. reassessing D.inconveniencing

10. A. reach out  B. settle down C.turn over  D. look back

11. A. declining B. considering C. criticizing D. evaluating

12. A. unnecessary   B. negative C. strange D. impractical

13. A. explain  B. identify C. predict  D. overcome

14. A. deny B. forget C. miss  D. fear

15. A. disguised  B. perceived C. followed  D. introduced

16. A. recall  B.classify  C.analyse D. compare

17. A. brave   B. disapproving C. willing D. hesitant

18. A. relaxing  B.surprising C.rewarding D.demanding

19. A. Thus  B. Also  C. Finally D.Instead

20 A. polite B. proud C. busy D.lazy

阅读A

阅读理解第一篇：

U. S. customers historically tipped the people they assumed were earning most of their income via tips, such as restaurant serves earning less than the minimum wage. In the early 2010s, a wide range of business standards processed purchases with iPads and other digital payment systems. These systems often prompted customers to tip for services that were not previously tipped.

Today’s tip requests are often connected to the salary and service norms that used to determine when and how people tip. Customers in the past merely always pay the tips after receiving a service, such as at the conclusion of a restaurant meal after getting a haircut or once a pizza was delivered. That timing could reward high— quality service and give worthless an incentive to provide it.

It's becoming more common for tips to be requested beforehand. And new tipping technology may even automatically add tips.

The prevalence of digital payment devices has made it easier to ask customers for a tip. That helps explain why tip requests are creeping into new kinds of services. Customers now routinely see menus of suggested default options -- often well above 20% of what they owe. The amounts have risen from 10% or less in the 1950s to 15% around the year 2000 to 20% or higher today. This increase is sometimes called tipflation -- the expectation of ever-higher tip amounts.

Tipping has always been a vital source of income for workers in historically tipped services, like restaurants, where the tipped minimum wage can be as low as US $ 2.13 an hour. Tip creep and tipflation are now further supplementing the income of many low-wage service workers.

Notably，tipping primally benefits some of these workers such as cooks and dishwashers, so ensure that all employees were paid fair wages. Some restaurants banned tipping and increased prices, but this movement towards not-tipping services has largely fizzled out.
     So to increase employee wages without raising prices, more employers are succumbing to temptations of tip creep and tip flation. However, many customers are frustrated because they feel they are being asked for too high of a tip too often. And, as our research emphasizes tipping now seems to be more coercive, less generous, and often completely disassociated from service quality.

文章来源：Tipping etiquette and norms are in flux − here’s how you can avoid feeling flustered or ripped off

21.According to Paragraph 1, the practice of tipping in the U.S _____.

A. wasregarded as a sign of generosity

B. wasconsidered essential for waiters

C. wasa way of rewarding diligence

D. wasoptional in most businesses

22.Compared with tips in the past, today’s tips _____.

A. are paid much less frequently

B. are less often requested in advance

C. have less to do with service quality

D. contribute less to workers’ income

23. Tip requests are creeping into new kinds of services as a result of _____.

A. the advancement of technology

B. the desire for income increase

C. the diversification of business

D .the emergence of tipflation

24. The movement toward no-tipping services was intended to _____.

A. promote consumption

B. enrich income sources

C. maintain reasonable prices

D. guarantee income fairness

25.It can be learned from the last paragraph that tipping _____.

A.is becoming a burden for customers

B. helps encourage quality service

C. is vital to business development

D. reflects the need to reduce prices

阅读理解第二篇：

Text 2

When it was established, the National Health Service (NHS) was visionary: offering high-quality, timely care to meet the dominant needs of the population it served. Nearly 75 years on, with the UK facing very different health challenges, it is clear that the model is out of date.

From the life expectancy to cancer and infant mortality rates, we are lagging behind many of our peers. With more than 6.8 million on waitlists, healthcare is becoming increasingly inaccessible for those who cannot opt to pay for private treatment; and the cost of providing healthcare is increasingly squeezing our investment in other public services. As demand for health care continues to grow, pressures on the workforce — which is already near breaking point — will only become more acute.

Many of the answers to the crisis in the health and care are well rehearsed. We need to be much better at reducing and diverting demand on health services, rather than simply managing it. Much more needs to be invested in communities and primary care to reduce our reliance on hospitals. And capacity in social care needs to be greater, to support the growing number of people living with long-term conditions.

Yet despite two decades of strategies and number of major health reforms, we have failed to make meaningful progress on any of these aims. That is why the Reform think tank is launching a new programme of work entitled “Reimagining health”, supported by ten former health ministers. Together, we are calling for a much more open and honest conversation about the future of health in the UK, and on “urgent rethink” of the hospital-centric model we retain.

This must begin with the question of how we maximise the health of the nation, rather than “fix” the NHS. It is estimated, for example, that healthcare accounts for only about 20% of health outcomes. Much more important are the places we live, work and socialise – yet there is no clear cross-government strategy for improving these social determinants of health. Worse, when policies like the national obesity strategy are scrapped, taxpayers are left with the hefty price tag of treating the illnesses, like diabetes, that result.

Reform wants to ask how power and resources should be distributed in our health system. What health functions should remain at the centre, and what should be given to local leaders, often responsible for services that create health, and with a much better understanding of the needs of their populations?

26.According to the first two paragraphs, the NHS _____.

A.is troubled by funding deficiencies

B. can hardly satisfy people's needs

C. can barely retain its current employees

D.is rivalled by private medical services

27.One answer to the crisis in health and care is _____.

A. boost the efficiency of hospitals

B. lighten the burden on social care

C. increase resources for primary care

D. reduce the pressure or communities

28."Reimagining health" is aimed to _____.

A. reinforce hospital management

B. readjust healthcare regulations

C. restructure the health system

D.resume suspended health reform

29. To maximize the nation's health, the author suggest _____.

A. introducing relevant taxation policies

B. paying due attention to social factors

C. reevaluating major health outcomes

D. enhancing the quality of health care

30.It can be inferred that local leaders should _____.

A. exercise their power more reasonably

B. develop a stronger responsibility

C. play a bigger role in the health system

D. understand people's health needs better

                             Text 3

Heat action plans, or HAPs, have been proliferating in India in the past few years. In general, an HAP spells out when and how officials should issue heat warnings and alert hospitals and other institutions. Nagpur's plan, for instance, calls for hospitals to set aside “ cold wards” in the summer for treating heatstroke patients, and advises builders to give construction laborers a break from work on very hot days.

But implementation of existing HAPs has been uneven, according to a report from the center for Policy Research. Many lack adequate funding, it found. And their triggering thresholds often are not customized to the local climate. In some areas, high daytime temperatures alone might serve as an adequate trigger for alerts. But in other places, nighttime temperatures or humidity might be as important a gauge of risk as daytime highs.

Mumbai’s April heat stroke deaths highlighted the need for more nuanced and localized warnings, researchers say. That day’s high temperature of roughly 36°C was 1°C shy of the heat wave alert threshold for coastal cities set by national meteorological authorities. But the effects of the heat were amplified by humidity—an often neglected factor in heat alert systems—and the lack of shade at the late-morning outdoor ceremony.

To help improve HAPs, urban planner Kotharkar’s team is working on a model plan that outlines best practices and could be adapted to local conditions. Among other things, she says, all cities should create a vulnerability map to help focus responses on the populations most at risk.

Such mapping doesn’t need to be complex, Kotharkar says. “A useful map can be created by looking at even a few key parameters.” For example, neighborhoods with a large elderly population or informal dwellings that cope poorly with heat could get special warnings or be bolstered with cooling centers. The Nagpur project has already created a risk and vulnerability map, which enabled Kotharkar to tell officials which neighborhoods to focus on in the event of a heat wave this summer.

HAPs shouldn’t just include short-term emergency responses, researchers say, but also recommend medium- to long-term measures that could make communities cooler. In Nagpur, for example, Kotharkar’s team has been able to advise city officials about where to plant trees to provide shade. HAPs could also guide efforts to retrofit homes or modify building regulations. “Reducing deaths in an emergency is good target to have, but it’s the lowest target,” says Climate researchers Chandni Singh.

31. According to Paragraph1, Nagpur's plan proposes measures to__________.

A. tackle extreme weather

B. ensure construction quality

C. monitor emergency warnings

D. address excessive workloads

32. One problem with existing HAPs is that they________.

A. prove too costly to be implemented

B. lack localized alert-issuing criteria

C. give delayed responses to heat waves

D. keep hospitalsunder great pressure

33. Mumbai’s case shows that India's heat alert systems need to________.

A. include other factors besides temperature

B. take subtle weather changes into account

C. prioritize potentially disastrous heat waves

D. draw further support from local authorities

34. Kotharkar holds that a vulnerability map can help _____.

A. prevent the harm of high humidity

B. target areas need special attention

C. expand the Maypur projects coverage

D. make relief plans for heat-stricken people

35.According to the last paragraph, researchers suggest that heat action plans (HAPs) should ______.

A.focus more on the heatstroke treatment

B.invite wider public participation

C.apply for more government grants

D.serve a broader range of purposes

Text 4

Navigating beyond the organised pavements and parks of our urban spaces, desire paths are the unofficial footprints of a community, revealing the unspoken preferences, shared shortcuts and collective choices of humans. Often appearing as trodden dirt tracks through otherwise neat green spaces, these routes of collective disobedience cut corners, bisect lawns and cross hills, representing the natural capability of people (and animals) to go from point A to point B most effectively.

Urban planners interpret desire paths as more than just convenient shortcuts; they offer valuable insights into the dynamics between planning and behaviour. Ohio State University allowed its students to navigate the Oval, a lawn in the centre of campus, freely, then proceeded to pave the desire paths, creating a web of effective routes students had established.

Yet, reluctance persists among other planners to integrate desire paths into formal plans, citing concerns about safety, environmental impact, or primarily, aesthetics. A Reddit webpage devoted to the phenomenon, boasting nearly 50,000 members, showcases images of local desire paths adorned with signs instructing pedestrians to adhere to designated walkways, underscoring the rebellious nature inherent in these human-made tracks. This clash highlights an ongoing struggle between the organic, user-driven evolution of public spaces and the desire for a visually curated and controlled urban environment.

The Wickquasgeck Trail is an example of a historical desire path, created by Native Americans to cross the forests of Manhattan and move between settlements quickly. This trail, when Dutch colonists arrived, was widened and made into one of the main trade roads across the island, known at the time as de Heere Straat, or Gentlemen's Street. Following the British assumption of control in New York, the street was renamed Broadway. Notably, Broadway stands out as one of the few areas in NYC that defies the grid-based system applied to the rest of the city, cutting a diagonal across parts of the city.

In online spaces, desire paths have sparked a fascination that can approach obsession, with the Reddit page serving as a hub. Contributors offer a wide array of stories, from little-known new shortcuts to long-established alternate routes.

Animal desire paths, such as ducks forging trails through frozen ponds or dogs carving direct routes in gardens, highlight the adaptability of these trails in both human and animal experiences. As desire paths criss-cross through both physical and virtual landscapes, they stand as a proof of the collective insistence on forging unconventional routes and embracing the spirit of communal choice.

36. According to Paragraph 1, desire paths are a result of______.

A. the curiosity to explore surrounding hills

B. the necessity to preserve green spaces

C. the tendency to pursue convenience

D. the wish to find comfort in solitude

37. It can be inferred that Ohio State University_____.

A. intends to improve its desire paths

B. leads in the research on desire paths

C. guides the creation of its desire paths

D. take a positive view of desire paths

38. The images on the Reddit webpage reflect_____.

A. conflicting opinions on the use of desire paths

B. the call to upgrade the designing of public spaces

C. the demand for proper planning of desire paths

D. growing concerns over the loss of public spaces

39. The example of the Wickquasgeck Trail illustrates_____.

A. the growth of New York City

B. the Dutch origin of desire paths

C. the importance of urban planning

D. the recognition of desire paths

40. It can be learned from the last paragraph that desire paths_____.

A. reveal human’s deep respect for nature

B. are crucial to human’s mental well-being

C. are a human imitation of animal behaviour

D. show a shared trait in humans and animals

阅读B

文章来源：The Right Way to Suggest a Big Change at Work | The Muse

Everyone wants to be that person--the one who looks at the same information as everyone else, but who sees a fresh, innovative solution. However, it takes more than simply having a good idea. How you share it is as important as the suggestion itself.

Why? Because writing a new script -- literally or figuratively--means that other team members will have to adapt to something new. Not to mention, if the process you're scrapping is one someone else suggested, there's the possibility of hurt feelings.

To gain buy-in on an innovative, new idea, follow these steps:

41 F. Be a salesman

Great ideas don't stand alone. In other words, you can't mention your suggestion once and expect it to be adopted. To see a change, you'll need to champion your plan and sell its merits. In addition, you need to be willing to stand up to scrutiny and criticism and be prepared to explain your innovation in different ways for various audiences.

42C. Use channels  

Sometimes it makes sense to go to your boss first. But other times, it's useful to build a coalition among your co-workers or other stakeholders. When it works, it works great--because you're ready for you stubborn supervisor's pushback with answers like, “Actually, I connected with a few people in our department to discuss how much time these kinds of websites would take, and they suggested they have the bandwidth.”

43 G. Be humble

One of the biggest barriers to gaining buy-in occurs when the owner of an idea is viewed as argumentative, defensive, or close-mind. Because let's be honest: No one likes know-it-all. So, if people disagree with you, don’t be indignant. Instead, listen to their concerns fully, try to understand their perspective, and include their concerns (and possible remedies) in future discussions.

So, instead of saying, “Martha, our current slogan is confusing and should be update,” you could try, “Martha raises a great point point that our current slogan has a long history for our stakeholders, but I wonder if we might be able to brainstorm a tagline on that -- and be clearer for new customers.”

44B. Respect the past

New ideas are the grandchildren of old ones. In other words, don't throw old solutions under the bus to make your improvement stand out. Remember that in light of whatever the problem the old system solved --or, maybe, has failed to solve in recent memory -- it was a great idea at the time. Appreciating the older contributions as you suggest future innovations helps bolster the credibility of yours idea.

45 A. Stay positive

When pitching a new idea, it’s important to use the language of abundance instead of deficit. Instead of saying what is wrong, broken, or suboptimal, talk about what is right, fixable or ideal. For example, try, “I can see lots of applications for this new approach” rather than, “This innovation is the only way.” Be optimistic but realistic, and you will stand out.

A. Stay positive

B. Respect the past

C. Use channels

D. Give it a time

E. Invite resistance

F. Be a salesman

G. Be humble

翻译：

You know the moment— the conversation slows and there’s a pause. It’s awkward, and so awkward that some people will panic and say anything. Do we all find such silences so stressful?

Researchers analyzed the frequency and impact of gaps greater than 2 seconds during conversations, including an overview of previous studies which indicate that the fear of awkward silences is so extreme that people are likely to avoid talking to strangers, even though doing so is likely to be an enjoyable experience.

During conversations with short gaps, people feel more connected to their conversation partners. But such feelings of connection markedly dip when entering a long gap. Long gaps between strangers are likely to be followed by a change in topic.

But the opposite seems to be true for conversations between friends. Long gaps there saw increased connection. Between friends, longer gaps seem to provide natural moments for reflection and expression.

你一定经历过这样的时刻——谈话逐渐冷却，出现了一段停顿。这种情况很尴尬，尴尬到有些人会惊慌失措地说出任何话。我们是否都觉得这样的沉默如此令人紧张？

研究人员分析了谈话中超过2秒的停顿的频率及其影响，包括回顾以往研究，这些研究表明，对尴尬沉默的恐惧极其强烈，以至于人们可能会避免与陌生人交谈，即使这种交谈很可能是一种愉快的体验。

在短暂停顿的谈话中，人们会觉得与谈话对象的联系更紧密。但当谈话进入较长停顿时，这种联系感会显著下降。陌生人之间的长时间停顿往往会导致话题的改变。

但对于朋友之间的谈话，情况似乎恰好相反。朋友间的长时间停顿会增加彼此的联系感。对于朋友来说，较长的停顿似乎为反思和表达提供了自然的时机。